what happens to the balls kenetic energy and potential energy when it bounces back up
We tin can all await back on our childhood memories and notice in some class or mode a bouncing ball. Whether it exist shooting hoops with friends or tossing a tennis ball against the wall while we were grounded, we've all played with these bouncing toys.
While to nearly people, assurance are rather unassuming objects, they actually serve equally an interesting springboard into learning almost many interesting physics phenomena. Acceleration, velocity,energy; you lot can learn it all when you beginning looking at the physics behind bouncing balls.
In whatsoever ball bounce, at that place are substantially seven stages that the action can be broken into during its motion, earlier, during, and after impact is examined.
Let'south pause down the physics of billowy balls.
To begin, we'll look at the simplified 7 stages of a brawl bounce ignoring any outside force other than gravity. We'll suspension down each footstep in detail beneath with equations, merely if you need a deeper visual, the video beneath will intermission that down likewise.
Phase 1: Falling
Stage one is the begging of every ball bounce where potential energy from the height of the ball is converted into kinetic energy through acceleration due to gravity. In a simplified case, the ball falls in line with the force of gravity, which always points straight downwardly. On globe, this acceleration due to gravity is 9.viii m/s2(g= 9.8 m/south2). This means, in essence, that for every second for falling, the brawl's velocity will accelerate by 9.eight m/s.
Stage 2: Initial contact
The initial contact phase is simply that; when the ball but barely makes contact with the ground surface. It will continue to autumn under the influence of gravitational acceleration, but now, a normal force from the ground surface, opposing the force due to gravity, will act on the ball. Stage iii: Deceleration/negative acceleration.
After the initial bear upon, the brawl rapidly decelerates or rather accelerates in a negative direction. The velocity of the ball even so points downwardly every bit it deforms, just acceleration on the brawl is beginning to indicate back upward equally the forces from the reaction overcome gravity. This all means that the ball is pushing on the footing with a strength greater than its ain weight, so acceleration must indicate upward.
Stage 4: Maximum deformation
Post-obit the deceleration stage, the ball has reached maximum deformation. At this point, the velocity is zero, and the acceleration vector points upward. This is the lowest betoken of the brawl, as well equally its maximum deformed bespeak. If we assume the ball to be totally rubberband and ignore other free energy losses similar sound and rut, then the ball would bounciness back upward to its original drib height after this betoken.
Stage v: Initial rebound
This stage begins the ball's journey back to where it began. Its velocity and acceleration vectors are pointing the same direction, meaning upward move. The ball is less plain-featured than the maximum deformation stage, and due to its elasticity, it is now pushing confronting the surface with a force greater than its own weight. This is what will cause the ball to bounciness up.
Stage half-dozen: Cypher contact rebound
At naught contact rebound, the ball is no longer deformed and is barely touching the surface, essentially simply at one bespeak. Velocity is moving the brawl upward, but at this point, acceleration switches to oppose the velocity vector.
This is because there is no longer whatsoever strength from the elasticity of the ball pushing on the surface, giving it an upward acceleration. Dispatch due to gravity, which pulls downward, will now be the only force acting on the ball in a perfect system.
Phase seven: Full rebound
At full rebound, the ball has left the surface, and its velocity vector still points upward, though shrinking steadily due to the acceleration or deceleration due to gravity. Following this step, the ball with reach peak at a new step, ane where its velocity vector is zero, and the only force acting on it is gravity.
Added variables and special cases in bouncing ball physics
The case of the bouncing ball above was simplified to remove any other forces like air resistance, imperfect elasticity, spin, friction, and the force from an initial throw, amidst others. All this means that bouncing ball physics gets more than complicated from here.
When balls have whatever spin, as they usually exercise when thrown, and when the surface they hit isn't frictionless, the spin of the ball reverses from before to after bear upon. This is due to the forcefulness of friction. Assuming 2-dimensions for theory'due south sake, you lot can observe the reaction below.
As the ball impacts with a spin in one management, the friction strength F counteracts the spin of the ball. Or rather, the friction force is ever opposite the direction of the slip velocity between the spinning ball and the surface. Since the friction force is opposite of the ball's spin, information technology torques the brawl in the other direction. It besides causes the path of the ball's bounce to skew in the direction of the friction force. In simplified terms, when a ball spins in one direction when it hits a wall, the friction between the ball and the wall overcomes the spin so much that it reverses its spin direction.
This spin reversal doesn't happen if the ball and the wall'southward coefficient of friction aren't high plenty. The coefficient of friction varies by material and surface and is substantially a number that indicates how grippy a surface or material is.
In real life non-ideal scenarios, bouncing balls lose energy and eventually come up to a stop. This is all due to the forces we ignored in the first example. When a brawl hits a wall or surface, it makes a dissonance, which is a loss of energy from the brawl's bounciness. It also will generate some amount of oestrus, another loss of free energy. Friction from the wall volition cause energy loss equally well equally air resistance while the ball travels. In essence, the ball will never take as much potential or kinetic free energy as it had from correct after it was thrown or right before it strikes a surface, depending on the scenario.
Source: https://interestingengineering.com/what-are-the-physics-behind-bouncing-balls
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